Category Archives: Special Feature

Special Feature

Forest critics are lost in the woods on emissions

By Michel Kelly-Gagnon, Montreal Economic Institute
The Financial Post
December 13, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada

Michel Kelly-Gagnon

For many years now, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) has published official-looking reports attacking the Canadian logging industry. With these studies, it hopes to get federal regulators to adopt a new emissions calculation method, one that would paint a darker picture than the facts warrant. …In an effort to set the record straight, our team at the Montreal Economic Institute undertook this missing critical analysis of the NRDC’s latest attack on Canada’s forestry industry. What we found were assumptions with little basis in fact that are at odds with the standards used by both regulators and area experts around the globe. …This more accurate and comprehensive overview reveals that Canada’s managed forests are not net emitters of carbon but rather are a net carbon sink, taking 6.5 megatonnes of CO2 equivalent out of the atmosphere in 2020. That’s a far cry from the NRDC’s quasi-apocalyptic claim of 75 megatonnes emitted.

The NRDC and Nature Canada would like you to believe the government’s accounting favours industry, but the stated goal of the inventory report is the entirely reasonable one of presenting “the emissions and removals that are a direct result of management” and providing “a clear picture of the impacts of human activity over time.” …To NRDC and Nature Canada completely untouched forests are the conservation ideal. But a new Natural Resources Canada study of our national parks finds that many such forests are in fact net carbon emitters. …The reality is that Canada’s forests are in very good health. We have a near-zero deforestation rate, recent research shows we’re regaining forests, and we currently boast 35 per cent of the world’s certified forest area.

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Are Trees Talking Underground? For Scientists, It’s In Dispute.

By Gabriel Popkin
The New York Times
November 7, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, United States

Justine Karst, a mycologist at the University of Alberta, feared things had gone too far when her son got home from eighth grade and told her he had learned that trees could talk to each other through underground networks. Jason Hoeksema of the University of Mississippi, had a similar feeling. Few recent scientific discoveries have captured the public’s imagination quite like the wood-wide web — a wispy network of fungal filaments hypothesized to shuttle nutrients and information through the soil and to help forests thrive. …But as the wood-wide web has gained fame, it has also inspired a backlash among scientists. …Dr. Karst, Dr. Hoeksema and Melanie Jones… found little evidence that shared fungal networks help trees to communicate, swap resources or thrive.

Others, however, maintain that the wood-wide web is on firm ground and are confident that further research will confirm many of the hypotheses proffered about fungi in forests. Dr. Simard, who has been at the University of BC since 2002, has… argued in favor of the view that trees communicate via mycorrhizal networks and against a long-held idea that competition between trees is the dominant force shaping forests. In her TED Talk, she called trees “super-cooperators.” …Dr. Karst argued that much of the evidence used to support the wood-wide web hypothesis could have other explanations. …No one has demonstrated that fungi distribute meaningful amounts of resources among trees in ways that increase the fitness of the receiving trees, Dr. Hoeksema said. Yet nearly all discussions of the wood-wide web, scientific or popular, have described it as benefiting trees. …Lest you worry that a less webby woods could feel a tad drab, the researchers maintain that there’s plenty of intrigue even if it turns out that trees aren’t whispering secrets to each other via subterranean fungal channels.

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Shifting supply/demand balance suggests lumber prices likely to fall in Q3

The Canadian Mortgage Professional
July 7, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, United States

Surging construction costs, supply chain snarls and unprecedented demand led to something of a wild ride for lumber prices at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. …According to Vancouver-based consultant Russ Taylor prices are around 50% above what would traditionally be considered a good market, although inflation, rising interest rates and cooler demand in the DIY market mean they’re likely to decline imminently. …Some of the challenges associated with the pandemic appear to be easing, with more mills now able to operate, produce lumber and bring supply into the market. …While the supply problem in the market is easing, inventory is still “quite low,” meaning that those who need to buy at present are propping up lumber prices to some degree. However, that situation will probably end before the season is out, according to Taylor, as some construction pauses due to summer breaks or hot weather.

“Unlike the first half of the year where it was too much demand and not enough supply, now it’s going to be too much supply, not enough demand,” he explained. “My expectation is we’re going to see some further price reductions into the third quarter – but probably not for a little while.” Taylor expects prices to correct by another 25% to 35% to somewhere in the low-to-mid-$500s – although that would still keep them well above historical and pre-pandemic levels. …The futures market is seeing lumber trading at $655 for July to September, even higher than its current levels. Still, that should be taken with a pinch of salt, Taylor said. “It’s just that it doesn’t really reflect reality – but it is reflecting some bullishness right now because the market is a bit tight,” he said. …“I think by the end of July into August, we’ll see a correction and we’ll see where futures are trading then.”

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Protectionist barriers to softwood lumber: A costly measure

By Montreal Economic Institute
Cision Newswire
June 30, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, United States

MONTREAL – The Canada-US softwood lumber dispute that has lasted some forty years is good for neither country, MEI researchers conclude in a publication launched today. The drop in Canadian production has direct consequences on this country’s forestry industry, and is not offset by the increased production south of the border, which leads to a net loss in the volume of wood available in the American market. This artificially induced greater scarcity of wood leads to higher costs for consumers. …The financial repercussions are 26 times greater for the US population than for Canadian producers. They represent a loss of economic well-being of US$1.5 billion for consumers south of the border. The loss of well-being for US consumers is also estimated to be 7% higher than the gains for American producers.

“It’s clear that Canada loses numerous business opportunities because of the tariffs. However, it’s Americans who suffer the most from the protectionist measures put in place by their government. US politicians should take note of this and see the harm they’re causing their own population,” argues Gabriel Giguère, Public Policy Analyst at the MEI. “The reason is simple: The reduction of imports of Canadian wood is not fully offset by increased internal production, which reduces the quantity available for consumers. This necessarily entails price increases.

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Largest Ever Mass Timber Fire Test Happening in Ottawa

By Etienne Lalonde
Canadian Wood Council
May 11, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada

OTTAWA, Ontario—The Canadian Wood Council has partnered with federal and provincial governments to conduct a series of five separate research burns on a full-scale mass timber structure in Ottawa. The largest burn, happening on a 2-storey, 3700 ft structure, will take place at the end of June, with the following four burns happening over the summer of 2022. The purpose of the project is to support market acceptance of tall and large mass timber buildings in Canada.

By designing and executing a series of demonstration fire research burns on a full-scale mass timber structure, and collecting data from these burns, our objectives are to: Showcase, through fire demonstration tests, that mass timber construction is a safe and viable alternative to other more conventional construction systems (steel & concrete); support the implementation and adoption of the 2020 edition of the National Building Code of Canada; support the transition to performance-based codes and future code change proposals.

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Mass Timber can be a great option for construction – if it’s sourced sustainably

Forest Stewardship Council Canada
April 28, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada

Toronto, Canada—FSC Canada congratulates the City of Toronto for incorporating mass timber as part of an upcoming affordable housing pilot project. The pilot project, if approved, would create one of the largest wood buildings in Toronto, a 10-storey building with 200 rental units at Dundas and Ossington. The building will use the Toronto Green Standard Version 4, which outlines that 25% of the raw materials meet at least two of the criteria listed – one of which is the wood products must be certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or CaGBC-approved equivalent. “Right now, as the construction industry looks for sustainable ways to meet increased housing demands around the world, mass timber is taking centre stage.” says Francois Dufresne, president of FSC Canada. “However, not all mass timber is created equal. It is critical to assess not only the distance the timber needs to travel but also the source of the wood.”

During a recent discussion series, Material Worlds: Mass Timber, hosted by the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Dufresne shared that while mass timber remains a better option in construction versus steel and concrete, the worst-case scenario timber design (i.e. sourcing wood from unsustainable sources and transporting it over long distances) continues to emit carbon and contribute to global warming. Whereas the best-case scenario, timber design from sustainable sources transported over shorter distances, can sequester carbon and have a cooling effect. (To view the full Material World’s discussion click here.)

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Twenty years since the Kelowna Mountain Park Fire of 2003 – What have we learned?

By Bruce Blackwell, M.Sc. RPF RPBio
Tree Frog Forestry News
March 8, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

[This article is part of our partnership with the Western Canada SFI Implementation Committee and our jointly hosted Wildfire Resilience and Awareness Week.]

This summer will mark the 20-year anniversary since the Kelowna Mountain Park fire destroyed 238 homes and burned approximately 26,000 ha. It marks a critical turning point in fire management in B.C. and I believe for Canada. … While we have made some progress to address the wildfire problem it is obvious there is still a long way to go.

A key issue that requires complex solutions is the continued growth of development into the wildland urban interface. Local governments in B.C. have been unable to halt the expansion of homes into fire prone areas of the Province. While a few communities have adopted FireSmart bylaws through the Development Permit Area process, these bylaws often don’t go far enough and are limited in. …In my opinion the growing development of vulnerable interface communities can only be managed through a provincial mandate that enforces FireSmart standards in high fire risk areas of the province. …Governments need to direct industry to assist in wildfire risk reduction beyond the current wildfire hazard reduction obligations. … Given the current public forest land management and tenure model in B.C., these costs should be borne by the Crown.

The cheapest and most effective treatment is prescribed fire, and even though it has been highlighted as a big part of the solution we have failed to act on these recommendations. Without prescribed fire our hope of significantly reducing the fire problem is likely to fail.

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Protecting communities with full-circle fire resiliency

By John Davies and Garnet Mireau, Forsite
Tree Frog Forestry News
March 7, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

[This article is part of our partnership with the Western Canada SFI Implementation Committee (WCSIC) and our jointly hosted Wildfire Resilience and Awareness Week.] For roughly a century we have been putting out wildfire on the land and we’ve gotten pretty darn good at it. Unfortunately, this well intended policy has had unintended consequences – namely our rural communities, and the very forests that they depend upon, are at extreme risk of catastrophic loss due to a wildfire deficit. Our friend Smokey the Bear has been too successful with his wildfire prevention message! …For a holistic, full circle approach to wildfire resiliency, you must access skills and knowledge from various fire and forest specialties –operational fire experience, fire behaviour knowledge, fire and forestry ecology, fire modelling technology, community level educators, silviculture reforestation specialists …As climate change continues to express itself through larger, more frequent, and catastrophic landscape level wildfires, our ability to prepare, mitigate, respond, and recover (also known as the Emergency Management Continuum) from these events needs to adapt and grow too.  We have been fortunate to be part of these conversations and work too.

Whether it is an alternative view of the landscape, designing forests for resilience first, re-introducing ecologically appropriate wildland fire to the landscape or maximizing the benefit of emerging technology and innovation to ensure informed decisions, there is significant opportunity moving forward – and we must move forward.

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Wildfire Resilience and Awareness Week

Western Canada Sustainable Forestry Initiative
The Tree Frog Forestry News
March 6, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

The Western Canada SFI Implementation Committee (WCSIC) has partnered with the Tree Frog Forestry News to host Wildfire Resilience and Awareness Week. Under the SFI Forest Management Standard, certified organizations are required to limit the susceptibility of forests to undesirable impacts of wildfire and raise community awareness of wildfire benefits, risks, and minimization measures. With the start of fire season in Western Canada and the Pacific Northwest, the Tree Frog Forestry News saw this as an opportunity to work with some of our sponsors and give voice to experts in the field of wildfire management. A special Wildfire Resource Page has been created to share information and communications tools with our readers — please join us in sharing this important information with your colleagues and communities.

Throughout the week we’ll be posting articles that feature a variety of perspectives on wildfire management.

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Mark Oulton joins Nathanson, Schachter and Thompson LLP

Nathanson, Schachter and Thompson LLP
February 21, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Nathanson, Schachter and Thompson LLP is pleased to announce that leading litigation counsel Mark S. Oulton has joined the partnership. Mark has extensive experience at trial, on appeal, and before administrative tribunals in a range of commercial litigation and administrative law matters, with a particular focus on forestry and commercial disputes. Legal publications Lexpert and Chambers Canada recognize Mark as a leading forestry law practitioner. Benchmark Litigation recognizes Mark for corporate commercial litigation and administrative law and Best Lawyers Canada recognizes Mark for these and natural resource law as well. In addition to his counsel work, Mark regularly contributes to legal scholarship and education, including through contributions to the Continuing Legal Education Society of BC and the Advocates Society.Recognized as one of Canada’s Top 10 Litigation Firms, NST is known for its intellectual rigour, high quality advocacy, responsiveness to clients’ needs, and its outstanding team.

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William “Bill” Dumont passed away January 25, 2023

Legacy.com
January 29, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Bill Dumont

William “Bill” Dumont – July 15, 1948 – January 25, 2023. Bill Dumont was born into this world on July 15, 1948, and left it peacefully on January 25, 2023; both earlier and faster than anyone expected. He was B-I-G. Not only in stature, but personality, opinions, his acts of kindness, his love of gardening and travel, life spanning volunteerism and love language of preparing food and serving it to others. Family. Friends. Food. Fun. Faith. Forestry. Fishing. Flowers. Fur-babies. All had his heart, and that heart will dearly be missed by many.

Bill earned a Bachelor of Science (Forestry) from the University of British Columbia in 1971. Next he served as a CUSO Volunteer forester from 1971 to 1973 in Tapah and Ipoh, West Malaysia, with the Perak State Forestry Department. His journey to becoming a Distinguished Professional Forester included being the Chief Forester with Western Forest Products Ltd. for many years. He also served on the Forest Practices Board and was a director and volunteer with many other very worthy organizations, including Indigenous economic development corporations.

A celebration of Bill’s life will take place on February 7, 2023 in Duncan, BC. 

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Mirax Group to Acquire Lyle Forest Products in Chilliwack, BC

By Parm Binning, VP Business Development
Mirax Group
January 24, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Mirax Group announced today that it has reached an agreement to acquire Lyle Forest Products (Lyle) located in Chilliwack, BC.  Established in 1972, Lyle Forest Products is a premier value-added lumber facility dealing with Pacific Coast Hemlock and Western Red Cedar. For the past 50 years Lyle has been producing only the highest quality of paneling, moulding’s, S4S finishing boards, and engineered wood products. …This acquisition is one step closer for Mirax Group to become a more vertically integrated forest company in British Columbia. With the addition of Lyle to our family of companies, this is consistent with our value-added business model to further enhance and diversify investment locally in BC and produce high quality finished products ready to be shipped globally. The new operation will be run as Lyle Specialty Forest Products Ltd., where our sister-company Jazz Forest Products will be the sole distributor for Lyle products. 

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Frontline Operations Group to join Forsite

By Carleigh Drew
Forsite Consultants Ltd.
January 23, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Salmon Arm, BC – Forsite is excited to announce that Frontline Operations Group is joining the Forsite team as we continue to build an innovative and industry leading fire services team. This collaboration further expands our wildfire and forestry expertise, fortifying our commitment to our clients across Canada as we respond strategically and collaboratively to wildfire risks. Frontline Operations is an industry leader in integrated wildfire and forestry services. Frontline Operation’s partners John and Andy have five decades of combined wildland fire management experience. Along with their staff, they will bolster the Forsite team to apply significant industry expertise, innovation and operational delivery excellence to wildfire risk assessment, community planning, fuel management, cultural and prescribed fire, and wildfire operations. 

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Beetles, fires, NDP policies eat into timber supply

By Nelson Bennett
Business in Vancouver
January 18, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Russ Taylor and Paul Quinn

It was perhaps akin to announcing funding for a new fish processing plant in response to the total collapse of fish stocks. In response to last week’s announcement by Canfor Corp. … Premier David Eby announced a $90 million fund aimed at encouraging investments in value-added wood industries… While that is “nice,” it completely misses the point, David Elstone writes in in his View From the Stump  – the point being that there is simply not enough affordable timber in B.C. to sustain the current number of operating sawmills and pulp mills.

Analysts speaking at the BC Truck Loggers Association Convention in Vancouver echoed Elstone’s point. …“If the future is mass timber, you still need lumber to make mass timber,” said Paul Quinn with RBC Capital Markets. …Russ Taylor, with Russ Taylor Global said “You have to have a healthy sawmilling industry, and you have to have a fair stumpage and stable timber volumes to make the sawmill costs competitive and fair.” Quinn went so far as to suggest the current government is indifferent to the plight of forestry dependent communities because that’s not where its voter base is. …Taylor noted that sawmill capacity in the U.S. – mainly the Southern U.S. – has grown 40 per cent since 2014, while B.C. sawmill capacity declined 30 per cent. …Premier David Eby will have a chance to defend his government’s policies on forestry tomorrow, when he gives a keynote address to the TLA Convention.

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Forest companies won’t invest in B.C. without changes by government

By Vaughn Palmer
Vancouver Sun
January 12, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Vaughn Palmer

VICTORIA — Premier David Eby offered the usual government solution to this week’s news of the permanent closure of pulp production at the Canfor mill in Prince George. Eby expressed sympathy for the 300 workers who’ll lose their jobs add said the government is dispatching a crisis response team to the community. The team will offer “training, transitioning to retirement, or other supports,” the premier told reporters in Vancouver on Thursday. …Eby did hint at more encouraging relief, when he was asked about the proposal from a coalition of pulp and paper producers for a “value-added transformation” of the industry. …“In terms of the specific proposals around support for innovation, we’ll have more to say in the coming days,” Eby said of the coalition submission. The premier is scheduled to deliver two major speeches on forest and resource themes next week — to the 20th annual B.C. Natural Resources forum and the annual convention of the Truck Loggers Association.

The Canfor board includes former NDP Premier Glen Clark. …Clark is also a lifelong New Democrat, who has lately offered to help the current government. “I’m not desperate for work or anything.” he told Jas Johal on CKNW this week. “I’m just saying I’m prepared and interested, but it’s up to others to decide whether they think I can help.” Eby said “that’s great news, and I look forward to working with him.” …But oh, to be a fly on the wall if Eby dared to ask Clark for advice on what to do in the forest sector.

 

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Q&A with COFI’s new president and CEO, Linda Coady

By Maria Church
Wood Business – Canadian Forest Industries
January 2, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Linda Coady

When the job came up with COFI I was attracted to it because I knew climate-smart forestry was going to be an big opportunity for B.C. And Indigenous reconciliation is now a legal and business imperative here.

…There are certainly flashpoint issues around forestry in B.C. right now, but those also create opportunity. But, generally speaking, things are not as polarized as it might seem from the outside. There are solutions in areas of climate-smart forestry, new types of products and jobs, new relationships, especially with Indigenous communities and organizations, and new markets globally. …I would hope that focusing on the opportunities side of things it will make it easier to get to solutions on some of those flashpoint issues.  I don’t think anybody doubts that we need a good, solid plan for old-growth conservation in B.C. I see that as fundamental to the credibility of B.C.’s claim that we practice sustainable forestry.

…In my first 60 days of talking to people, the one message that people seem to agree on is the long-term goal of where we’re heading in the forest sector. There are different perspectives, of course, on how you get there, but I see it as an encouraging sign that there is a broadly based consensus on the importance of sustainable forest management and the importance of having a globally innovative and competitive forest sector because of the contribution it can make on a number of different levels.  I take that as a good sign that some of the short-term challenges can be worked through if you have people on the same page as to what the general direction is.

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Forests and nature-based solutions are a big part of the sustainability of our planet

By Rob Kozak, Professor and Dean
UBC Faculty of Forestry
December 5, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Rob Kozak

UNIVERSITY OF BC FORESTRY — With nearly 8,000 Forestry alumni around the world affecting change and making impacts in ways that are incalculable, we are most certainly one of the most successful Forestry schools globally. As well, our leading-edge, innovative research continues to make waves in positive and meaningful ways. …That as the backdrop to this issue on Future Forests, the reality is that the future of forests – and, by association, forestry – is in all of our hands. Looming large are the challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, the decline of forest-dependent communities and an expanding – and increasingly voracious – human population. …Forests, as we all know, play a vital role in contributing solutions to address some of these pressing issues. Technological innovations are part of the answer, certainly, but what we need now – more than ever – is to put forward bold, courageous, conservation-based strategies, even if it sometimes means bucking the status quo.

 …We have attempted to do this in the current issue of Branchlines by summarizing viewpoints shared in our recent webinars on the contentious issue of old growth forests and by providing some potential paths forward for all. In the end, we find ourselves in a maelstrom of wicked problems related to the sustainability of our planet, and we owe it to future generations to do whatever we possibly can to tackle this dizzying array of issues head-on. We also recognize that forests and the nature-based solutions that they provide are a big part of the solution, but that this may require disruptive, transformative change. The Faculty of Forestry is responding to this clarion call by providing intellectual space for informed dialogue and by imparting knowledge to the next generation of natural resources managers and change-makers. Together, we can make a difference in creating a healthier, more resilient and sustainable future.

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A Final Farewell from the Canadian Women in Timber

By Sandy McKellar, Chair, CWIT
Canadian Women in Timber
November 16, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

It is with a heavy heart that I announce—after more than 30 years—the Canadian Women in Timber are dissolving our organization. Since 1989 we have enthusiastically championed the forestry and logging sectors in British Columbia. We’ve collectively touched the lives of hundreds of thousands of school children, parents, teachers and community members – fostering an interest and passion for the natural science of forestry, management and operations/harvesting. Our educational materials have been re-published many times (with support from our sponsors) and are part of classroom sets and family bookshelves around the province and across Canada.

We would like to thank our members – your contributions are so important and valued. We would also like to thank our supporters and friends: forestry companies; industry associations like the ILA, the TLA, the Vancouver Hoo-Hoo Club; all levels of government and forest ministers who have participated in our events and programs; all the post-secondary forestry programs; and all of the many schools around the province who have welcomed us into their classrooms. Our partnership with the Interior Logging Association and the Forest Education Van was a key part of our program… Thank you to Wayne Lintott who was always our champion!

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German occupation in Holland still weighs heavily on Brink

By Ted Clarke
The Prince George Citizen
November 8, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

John Brink

John Brink was four-and-a-half years old when Canadian troops liberated his part of Holland. Nearly eight decades later, Brink’s memories remain vivid of seeing those friendly faces arrive in the final days of Second World War. …The Canadians came on May 12, 1945, right after the ‘hunger winter’ that brought brutal cold and starvation to parts of the country where food and fuel supplies were blocked by the retreating German army. …For Brink and his family, the war brought ever-present anxiety, malnutrition and the misery of separation that divided them. As he writes in his autobiography, Against All Odds, “It was a life without luxuries, but it was bearable – after all, it was all I knew. What was infinitely more difficult was the worry generated by living under occupation.  

…The impact the Canadians made on Brink never left him. He wanted to immigrate to Canada as a 17-year-old but his parents denied permission. He was then drafted and served two years in the Dutch Air Force as part of the special forces military police before coming to Canada at age 24. Driven by his ambition to own his own sawmill, Brink arrived in Prince George in 1965 with $25.47 in his pocket and worked his way to the point where he could start his business. Ten years later he opened Brink Forest Products in Prince George and its finger-jointed lumber mill, which, with the addition of value-added mills in Vanderhoof and Houston, he’s turned into one of the largest forestry companies in the province. Brink, who celebrated his 82nd birthday Nov. 1, realizes the importance of Remembrance Day, especially to remind the younger generation of the sacrifices our soldiers made to preserve the freedoms we often take for granted. 

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The state of BC’s forest industry on the eve of a new premier

By David Elstone, Managing Director
View from the Stump
October 26, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

David Elstone

With NDP MLA David Eby taking over as the next premier of British Columbia, it’s an opportune time to baseline the state of BC’s forest industry. …Natural factors including the mountain pine beetle and spruce beetle epidemics, wildfires etc are taking their toll on timber supply. So too have policy changes introduced by the NDP government under the banner of Modernizing Forest Policy in BC, including the old growth deferral initiative. …The consequences of such are starting to appear. Given this made in BC recipe for gridlock, I had projected (almost a year ago) the future provincial timber harvest would decrease between 10% and 40% by the time of the next election in 2024. Almost a year later, the provincial harvest is down 5.3 million m3 or 12.6% ytd as of September..

What have been the downstream effects of the reduced timber harvest? Lumber production province wide is down 12.7% ytd (July). Coast production is down 6.8% ytd. And interior production is down by 13.5% ytd to levels not seen in many decades. Timber supply issues have been a large part of that decline, especially for the interior. Other contributing factors include the collapse in lumber prices as well as transportation issues. …The following is a list of manufacturing facilities which have either permanently closed or temporary curtailed since Q4 2021. …No other provinces are reporting closures to the same magnitude. Conversely, there is relatively little new capacity being added. This is where things are at for British Columbia’s forest sector, and it’s not good. Unfortunately, Eby has already said his 100- day plan includes a pledge to accelerate the old growth plan.

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New study confirms BC wood pellets are responsibly sourced

By Gordon Murray, Executive Director
The Wood Pellet Association of Canada
September 20, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

VANCOUVER, BC – A new study confirms that wood pellets in BC are sourced entirely from sawmill and harvest residuals or from low-quality logs and bush grind rejected by other industries. The study was commissioned by the Wood Pellet Association of Canada. Respected forest experts Professor Gary Bull, Dr. Jeremy Williams, Dr. Jim Thrower and Mr. Brad Bennett. …“We reviewed the data for virtually every truckload of fibre for each pellet mill in the province and were able to source forest-based residuals down to the forest harvesting block for each mill,” said Bull.

“The findings were clear: 85% of the fibre for pellets comes from the by-products of the sawmills and allied industries, and the remaining 15% comes from bush grind and low-quality logs where the only other option is to burn the low-grade logs and brush piles on site in order to reduce fire risk.” In addition, almost all the pellets produced in B.C. are certified under the international recognized Sustainable Biomass Program and the fibre is from sustainably managed forests in B.C. certified under the Canadian Standards Association, the Forest Stewardship Council or the Sustainable Forestry Initiative “The notion of harvesting whole stands of timber or displacing higher value forest products for the purpose of producing wood pellets is counter to the overall economic and environmental objectives of using wood pellets,” added Thrower.

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BC’s wood pellet power play – mills stoke uptake of wood waste into a booming global market for biomass energy

By Nelson Bennett
Business in Vancouver
September 13, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Joe Aquino

British Columbians of a certain age may remember beehive burners. Most towns in B.C. with a sawmill had one. In the late 1990s, the B.C. government began phasing them out, and in their wake a wood pellet industry began to grow to deal with sawmill waste. It seemed like a win-win situation for the environment and forest industry – one that reduced air pollution, addressed the sawmill waste problem and provided a renewable, carbon-neutral energy source that was starting to displace coal. As countries like Japan and the U.K. began displacing coal in thermal power plants with biomass, a market for wood pellets began to grow. About 60 per cent of Europe’s renewable energy is bioenergy, mostly wood biomass. But as the demand for wood pellets has grown over the last two decades, so too have concerns about the wood pellet industry and its impact on forests. 

Environmental groups like Stand.earth and the Natural Resources Defense Council in the U.S. have been stepping up campaigns against the industry, questioning the climate calculus that deems biomass to be carbon neutral. Forests are important carbon sinks, after all. If living trees are cut down to produce energy, the carbon neutrality of biomass may be called into question. That’s especially true if more trees are harvested than regrown. Currently, most of the inputs used in B.C. pellet mills come from sawmills and harvest residuals such as slash,  which is typically burned anyway. On average, about 80 per cent of the inputs in Drax’s seven wood pellet mills in B.C. is sawmill waste, Drax’s Joe Aquino said. About 20 per cent is harvest residuals – branches, treetops and low-value logs that sawmills don’t want. …Drax insists that it is not harvesting trees in Canada to make wood pellets and that doing so would make no economic sense. Trees are valuable, after all, and wood pellets are at the bottom of the forestry value chain. 

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Biomass: Carbon neutral or worse than coal? Burning plants and trees to generate energy complicates CO2 equation

By Nelson Bennett
Business in Vancouver
September 14, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

As of 2020, 22 per cent of Europe’s energy came from renewables. But 60 per cent of that is bioenergy – much of it wood biomass. It’s an industry that has come under intense scrutiny and criticism of late from environmentalists. …Despite what IPCC scientists say about bioenergy’s role in shifting the world’s energy generation away from fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, environmentalists say bioenergy’s climate benefits no longer add up. …As biomass energy demand grows, they say the industry is running out of wood waste and increasingly resorting to harvesting forests. BIV put that question to five scientists:

  • Generally, biomass as an energy source is much better than coal, said Joana Portugal Pereira, senior scientist for the IPCC’s Working Group 3 on Mitigation of Climate Change.  …However, there may be genuine concerns about the carbon deficit – the time it takes for regrowing trees to absorb the CO2 released on combustion. The deficit may widen the more whole lives trees are used, instead of wood waste that is already being generated through forestry anyway, especially if the forests are not sustainably managed. 
  • As long as wood waste that is already being generated is used to make wood pellets, the carbon deficit is less of an issue, said Chris Bataille, adjunct professor at Simon Fraser University and a lead author for the IPCC Working Group 3’s sixth assessment.
  • Mark Jaccard, an SFU sustainable energy economist and contributor to the sixth assessment of the IPCC Working Group 3, says, “… even if it was dedicated biomass plantations managed for soil conservation and sustained annual allowable cut, it would still be fine to use bioenergy and it would still be net-zero emission.” 

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Forest sector icon Mike Apsey dies at 84

Legacy.com
September 11, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

APSEY, Thomas Michael (Mike) April 1, 1938 – September 1, 2022

Mike Apsey passed away peacefully in his sleep, September 1, after a lengthy struggle with dementia. Happily, Mike never lost his ability to recognize his beloved wife, Sharon, who was with him the day he passed. Born in Vernon. BC, Mike graduated from the University of British Columbia’s Forestry Department in 1961 and over the next four decades became one of Canada’s most influential and respected forestry professionals. He began his career in the provincial government’s Department of Industrial Development, Trade and Commerce, before being recruited as an analyst for Vancouver based forestry company Macmillan Bloedel. …Returning to B.C. [from Turkey] in 1970, he served as a vice president of the Council of Forest Industries. In 1978, Mike became the Deputy Minister of Forests for British Columbia, a position he held until 1984. Leaving that post, he took on the role of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Council of Forest Industries of B.C, a position he held until his retirement in 1998.

In retirement, Mike remained active, attending numerous speaking engagements and serving on various committees… During this period, with the encouragement and collaboration of Ken Drushka, a distinguished author, Mike published his memoir, titled “What’s All This Got To Do With The Price of 2 X 4’s?” Mike’s dedicated service to BC’s forest services earned him several honours, including the Rielle Thomson Award, the Chevalier de l”Ordre du Merite Agricole from the Government of France, a Certificate of Appreciation from the Government of Canada, and an Honorary Doctor of Laws from UBC. In 2002 he was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada.

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Kalesnikoff Lumber provides the opportunity for a Ukrainian family to reunite

Black Press in the Creston Valley Advance
August 9, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Misha Sergyeyev & Emre Şenay

Misha Sergyeyev was safely out at sea when Russia invaded Ukraine. His wife, youngest daughter and mother-in-law weren’t so fortunate. …Twice the women reached a checkpoint only to be turned back by Ukrainian soldiers. On their third try, they escaped to Romania and moved on to Turkey. …Emre and Oksana (Misha’s eldest daughter) had immigrated to Canada years earlier. Oksana began working to bring her family to Canada as refugees, a process complicated by the fact that her grandmother didn’t have a passport or other personal identification. Meanwhile Emre wondered if there might be a place for Misha at Kalesnikoff. He was a skilled professional with 25 years as an electrical and technical officer on ships. “I just made Chris Kalesnikoff aware of it, and then he gave us a chance,” says Emre. 

Misha is now an electrical assistant on Kalesnikoff’s resource team. …While other relatives escaped to Poland, the family still has cousins and friends in Ukraine. Most are in rural areas where it’s safer, but some remain in the cities. “They’re not afraid,” Misha says. His brother-in-law tells him, “If we die, we die. If we live, we live.” Emre explains: “If fear is preventing you from living your life, you stop being afraid … They just live with that fact. It’s unbelievable to me too but I can kind of relate.” …Misha expects the war to drag on for another year or two, with recovery efforts stretching well into the future, so the family is settling in the Kootenays for the long haul.

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West Fraser releases 2021 Sustainability Report

West Fraser Timber Company
July 28, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Our 2021 Sustainability report was released on July 27, 2022. It outlines our environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance for the past year. Sustainability has been a central principle at West Fraser since our company was founded more than 65 years ago. Over the years, our approach has continued to evolve to reflect who we are and what we value as an organization.  “In 2021, we took important steps toward becoming a sustainability leader, and today we are sharing our progress with the release of our 2021 Sustainability Report,”  said Ray Ferris, West Fraser’s President & CEO. “We understand the importance, and necessity, of doing the right thing for the environment, our communities and our employees while sustainably and profitably growing our business.  We are proud of our past, but even more excited about our future.” We welcome you to view the report and the progress we’ve made toward our goal of becoming a leader in sustainability.

Our 2021 Sustainability Report tells the story of a pivotal year of growth for West Fraser. We worked to embed a shared culture of sustainability and credible elevation of environmental and social considerations in our business decisions across a newly formed organization. It was a year in which we learned from new colleagues, established new goals, and developed and implemented strategies to achieve our sustainability ambitions. Looking ahead, we will continue to focus on climate action, our people, our communities, safety performance, meaningful Indigenous relations and sustainable forest management.

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Old growth update

Mike Copperthwaite, Patrick McMechan, Nick Arkle, and Fernando Cocciolo
The Revelstoke Review
June 20, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

In November 2021, the Provincial Government announced its intention to work in partnership with indigenous communities to temporarily defer the harvest of British Columbia most rare, unique, and at-risk old growth forests. …Unfortunately, though well intended, the roll-out of the old growth deferral strategy has been poor and has left Indigenous groups, our community and the local forest industry in a state of flux with uncertainty and some unrealistic short-term expectations by some. Over the past six months, the forest industry has been working hard to limit or completely avoid its impacts to the proposed old growth deferral areas. These changes have not been insignificant and have led to major disruption to operations, shutdowns for contractors, and the loss of a number of well-paying industry jobs in our community.

It is not a case of ‘talk and log’ but a case of identifying clearly understood time periods and objectives and developing a plan together to get to where we collectively want to get to. It is about balance. …We believe this community, working in collaboration with the Indigenous title holders, can show how complex planning processes can be done together. Respect and trust will be critical. To get it wrong will have a long-lasting negative impact on our environment and our community.

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Western Red Cedar Lumber Association partners with BC Cancer to create healing space for families

Western Red Cedar Lumber Association
June 21, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Biophilic design is proven to provide substantial therapeutic benefits that expedite healing and recovery. Wood, such as Real Cedar, is essential when it comes to designing health care facilities. The BC Cancer design team is building a new Supportive Care Centre that will include Real Cedar features, providing the calming effects of warm, soothing cedar throughout the building, creating an environment where patients will be more receptive to the many healing services the centre has to offer. From the time of diagnosis and up to 18 months after treatment, patients can receive support by the center’s dedicated healthcare professionals. The Western Red Cedar Lumber Association (WRCLA) is proud to provide the materials to help make this vision of holistic healing a reality. WRCLA invites our partners to join us in this initiative. All funds raised through this initiative will support the establishment of a stand-alone Supportive Care Clinic at BC Cancer – Vancouver. DONATE TODAY!

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Downie Timber CEO Nick Arkle on BC old-growth review

By Aaron Orlando
The Revelstoke Mountaineer
May 24, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Nick Arkle

Arkle said that Downie has adapted to many changes since it was purchased in 1990, including pivoting to different markets over the years, such as the Middle East, Europe and Japan, and the U.S. The change has affected the species of trees they milled. Arkle said the current challenge to adapt to is changes to B.C. old growth policy and also changes brought by the B.C. government’s work to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the province. “This is where the impact is on Downie Timber. It’s what does the future look like, what kind of volumes are going to be available to us? What’s going to be the cost of accessing those volumes?” Arkle asked, saying there is a need for predictability, which they don’t have now. 

Arkle said the planning process for harvesting takes about two years, making it challenging to adapt to sudden policy changes. …Arkle said Downie is working on bringing together an Indigenous and community-led effort. “It really is about getting First Nations with us, looking at the local data, using Indigenous knowledge, getting the experts, sitting down together and figuring out how we can identify what really are meaningful deferrals, and not just a blanket deferral on anything that has a colour on a map.” …Arkle acknowledge changes in “social license” around old growth harvesting, saying the company wants to work with parties involved to come up with a plan. “We have to work with our communities, we have to work with our Indigenous leadership and communities to come up with that balanced plan for the future, because it’s too important not to get right.”

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Canfor Partnered with Parks Canada for Wildfire Risk Reduction, Mechanical Harvesting a Proven Success

Canfor Corporation
May 20, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

Canfor was selected by Parks Canada through a competitive bid process to undertake a large-scale mechanical fuel reduction program on Pyramid Bench in Jasper National Park over winter 2018 – 2019. The project was designed to reduce the risk of severe wildfire impacting the town of Jasper, which had increased substantially due to the recent mountain pine beetle outbreak in the surrounding forest. The program demonstrated that mechanical harvesting can be successfully used as a tool to reduce forest fuels in environmentally sensitive locations with high recreational use adjacent to communities.

Parks Canada contracted Canfor to reduce the amount of dead and dying trees in mountain pine beetle affected forest at Pyramid Beach, watch a video about the Jasper National Park Fuel Reduction Program.

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Susan Yurkovich’s Wrap Up From the COFI Convention

By Susan Yurkovich, President and CEO
Council of Forest Industries
April 29, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

The Tree Frog News is pleased to present the full transcript of Susan Yurkovich’s Wrap Up at the 2021/22 COFI Conference. Susan is in a class of her own when it comes to putting on a major conference and simultaneously capturing the key highlights and lessons learned. As is past years, Susan’s summary is sure to be the most read story in Today’s Tree Frog News.

It has been so great to be back in person at the COFI Convention and we have had a fantastic couple of days with tons of food for thought. After a wonderful warm welcome from Elder Dennis Joseph, Minister Conroy opened our program and reiterated the hopes the Province has for the future of forestry here – one that is sustainable, inclusive and committed to reconciliation. She underscored the importance of working together because in her words, “no one knows better how this industry works than the folks in this room” and I’m sure we will all want to take her up on this invitation as we chart our path forward. We were SO pleased to have Tracy Robinson here in here first public address. The new leader of CN, she described the railroad as ‘the spine of steel that connects the North American economy’ and that spine is under pressure.  She acknowledged that in her words, the “business relationship with CN has been strained…”

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A picture summary of day three at the #COFI2022 Convention

By Sandy McKellar
Tree Frog News
May 2, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada West

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Beyond the Forest. INDIGENOUS RIGHTS IN FORESTRY.

Forest Stewardship Council
February 9, 2023
Category: Special Feature
Region: Canada, Canada East

BEYOND THE FOREST. An intimate look at the far reaching positive impacts of upholding Indigenous Peoples’ rights in the management and care of forests. Featuring Wahkohtowin Development, an Indigenous-led social enterprise rooted in sustainable land and forest management and FSC-certified forest management company, GreenFirst Forest Products. For FSC, diversity is a key cornerstone to ensure equality in our certification scheme, and in our organization, and this includes Indigenous Peoples’ rights. FSC Canada’s national forest stewardship standard requires forest managers to uphold Indigenous Peoples’ rights using FPIC (Free, Prior, and Informed Consent).

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Sustainable Forest Management: A Climate Change Mitigation Tool

Bruce Lippke, professor Emeritus, University of Washington
CORRIM
January 2, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: United States

President Biden’s executive order on forests and climate change has spurred renewed interest in CORRIM’s fact sheet on sustainable forest management as a climate mitigation tool.

Bruce Lippke

Concerns over climate change have become a global priority. Proposed natural climate solutions to address this issue include stopping forest harvest, extending harvest rotation age, and planting more trees. These measures have only limited ability to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and can possibly be counterproductive because: intensive management increases carbon sequestration rates, allowing for fewer acres to produce more wood; tree growth slows down with age; and climate driven disturbance impacts are reducing the benefits of longer rotations. …Sustainable forest management acts like a pump that transfers forest carbon to other uses and storage pools. Harvesting trees transfers carbon from the forest to wood products. Continued investment in sustainably managed forests can increase forest carbon storage while providing for a continuous supply of wood for future needs. 

Managed forests worldwide represent 7% of total area but provide 41% of the global wood supply. They are highly efficient at removing CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it to carbon storing products. Forests managed for timber sequester carbon at a faster rate than unmanaged forests. Carbon uptake in US forests and wood products offset 14% of the US annual carbon emissions. …Unmanaged forests are not faring well due to climate change impacts. The acres burned in these forests has more than doubled since 2000. Forestland that is sustainably managed will sequester more carbon over medium to long- term time horizons… and free up other forests to provide benefits such as biodiversity that require a different management approach.

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Experience Hoo-Hoo Hospitality at the 130th Convention in Sacramento

Sacramento Hoo-Hoo Club #109
July 8, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: United States, US West

The International Order of Hoo-Hoo invite you to join them this September in Northern California, where the Sacramento Club are hosting the 130th convention of this historical organization. “We’re going to highlight the incredible history, scenery and hospitality that Sacramento and Northern California have to offer,” said club treasurer John Taylor. “Our plan is to show off Sacramento’s new up and coming urban downtown. To bring to light the area as a leader in farm-to-fork dining with a train ride reception and dinner at the California State Railroad Museum and to highlight the rich history and to have some fun with a lumber themed mystery theatre dinner on board the Delta King, an old time paddlewheel ship moored in Old Sacramento.  We will cap it off with an incredible Gala Dinner Dance.” Hotel discounts are available until August 15. Register online to be a part of this unique forest sector event!

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The Decision Not to List the Gopher Tortoise was No Coincidence

Peter Stangel, U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities and Troy Ettel, Turner Foundation
U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities, Inc.
October 24, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: United States, US East

Forest owners in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and eastern Alabama breathed a sigh of relief on Tuesday, October 11, when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) ruled that the eastern population segment of the gopher tortoise did not warrant listing as Threatened or Endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Had a listing occurred, forest owners would have likely been subject to regulations that impact forest management and harvest. The decision not to list was no coincidence. It was due in large part to collaborations that clarified the number and distribution of tortoises in the eastern population and that took a leadership role in implementing conservation practices to benefit tortoises and their habitats. Many entities, including the FWS, deserve credit for this positive outcome. Forest owners were essential members of many of these collaborations. 

The gopher tortoise’s range overlaps with some of the most productive forest lands in the U.S. Certain types of active forest management are not only compatible with gopher tortoise management – they are necessary to help maintain the reptile’s desired habitat conditions. …We think the decision not to list the eastern population of gopher tortoises is a win. Others disagree. There is no question that continued diligence and conservation is needed to address the many challenges that tortoise’s face.

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Ian Aftermath Even Harder to Fix With Supply Chain Tattered

By Jen Skerritt, Olivia Rockeman, and Sabrina Kharrazi
Bloomberg
September 30, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: United States, US East

The difficult job of rebuilding communities pummeled by Hurricane Ian is expected to be made even worse by a problem that’s lingered since the early days of the pandemic: snarled supply chains. Ian tore a path of destruction across Florida…with damage estimates ranging from $65 billion to $100 billion. Construction groups warn that labor shortages and supply-chain difficulties are likely to hamper rebuilding efforts. “Across the board, we are seeing challenges in obtaining all types of building materials in a reliable time frame,” said Steve Cona III, of Associated Builders and Contractors in Florida’s Gulf Coast. …Compounding those challenges are ongoing labor shortfalls, supply-chain issues and the fact that material costs remain unpredictable, he said. 

While there is an oversupply of material in North America, disruptions from Ian may cause logistical issues transporting lumber, according to Kevin Mason of ERA Forest Product Research. Russ Taylor, of Russ Taylor Global said “the whole building sector is going to shut down for a while until things dry out and waters recede. While supplies from lumber mills have been improving in 2022, there are still issues getting wood to market due to a shortage of rail cars and trucks. The storm will slow deliveries to affected areas, creating a glut of lumber and sending prices lower. On Thursday, lumber futures in Chicago fell as much as 6.9% to touch the lowest price in more than two years. …Scott Harris an insurance claims consultant, said “properties flooded with several feet of water, that are boarded up, devoid of light or airflow are quickly at risk of mold damage.”

In photos: Scenes of destruction following Ian’s landfall in Florida

Next: Biden declares emergency in South Carolina as storm intensifies

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New markets for wood products help preserve US forests

Forests2Market Blog
June 6, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: United States, US East

There is an ongoing disconnect that tends to resurface in the debate surrounding the use of woody biomass to create renewable products that are displacing fossil-based products. This includes bioenergy, biofuels and biochemicals. …This is a curious battle for detractors of biomass to wage. On the one hand, there is disdain for all forms of fossil energy. Yet, on the other hand, the world’s most reliable and available renewable resources (trees) must also remain “off limits.” In the case of wood pellets, the primary point of contention is typically framed as: “Burning trees is permanently decimating southern forests.” 

…Since the middle of the twentieth century, the amount of timberland in the US South has remained stable, increasing by about 3% between 1953 and 2015. During this period, economic growth and increased construction spurred consumer demand for forest products, which led to a significant increase in timber harvests by almost 60%. Yet, over this same period, the amount of wood fiber inventory in southern forests more than doubled. …The growth of the forest products industry, including the wood pellet sector, continues to create new demand for biomass, which has resulted in an increase, rather than a reduction, in forest inventory. In other words, healthy demand is driving reforestation, not deforestation across the US South. …When forestland ownership becomes uneconomical, the risk for converting the land to other uses increases. With such conversion, the forest is lost forever. Keeping the economics of private forest ownership strong, including the utilization of low-value forest materials, is a key component in preserving the proven relationship between environmental and economic interests of the forest.

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War is Changing Wood Pellet Market Dynamics in Europe

By Håkan Ekström
Forests2Market Blog
November 9, 2022
Category: Special Feature
Region: International

Håkan Ekström

The international trade of wood pellets has increased yearly for over ten years thanks to growing demand in Europe and Asia. Although shipments in the first half of 2022 were practically unchanged from the same period in 2021, an anticipated increase in demand in Europe in the second half of the year is likely to make 2022 another record year of close to 30 million tons shipped worldwide. The most significant change is the rising demand in Asia, with Japan and South Korea. The UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy, and Belgium continue to be the major import markets… [but] Russia’s war in Ukraine has shaken up the European wood pellet market. Pre-war shipments from Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine totaled about 3.5 million tons in 2021, about 30% of total imports to the continent or just over 10% of the total consumption.

One consequence is that prices for wood pellets and firewood have increased to unprecedented levels. In some markets, professional firewood companies and pellet producers pay more for small-diameter logs than pulpmill and panel manufacturers. The increase in energy wood coincides with pulpmills running at high operating rates to take advantage of record-high prices for market pulp. The tumultuous energy market in Europe brought wood pellet prices in the second and third quarters to levels never seen before. In Austria and Germany, residential prices were nearly three times as much as in August 2021. It is rare to see price jumps during summer, so this year’s increases are highly unusual… all because of the uncertainty of energy supply and pricing this coming winter.

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Merry Christmas, happy Holidays and best wishes in the New Year!

By Kelly, Sandy and Heidi
Tree Frog Forestry News
December 23, 2022
Category: Special Feature

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